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Complete Guide to HTML Programming Language


1. Introduction to HTML

  • What is HTML?
    HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages. It defines the structure and content of a webpage using tags and attributes.
  • Basic Structure of an HTML Document:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Page Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello World!</h1> <p>This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html>


2. Key HTML Elements & Tags

Common Tags

Tag Description Example <h1>โ€“<h6> Headings (h1 is largest) <h1>Heading</h1><p> Paragraph <p>Text</p><a> Hyperlink <a href="url">Link</a><img> Image <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description"><ul>, <ol>, <li> Unordered/Ordered Lists & List Items <ul><li>Item</li></ul>

Attributes

  • class: Assigns a class name (for CSS/JavaScript).
  • id: Unique identifier for an element.
  • href: Specifies a URL for links.
  • src: Source for images, scripts, etc.

3. Semantic HTML

Use semantic tags to improve accessibility and SEO:

  • <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <article>, <section>, <aside>, <main>.
  • Example:

<header> <h1>Website Title</h1> <nav> <a href="#home">Home</a> <a href="#about">About</a> </nav> </header>


4. Forms and Inputs

  • Form Structure:

<form action="/submit" method="post"> <label for="name">Name:</label> <input type="text" id="name" name="name"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </form>

  • Input Types: text, email, password, checkbox, radio, file, date.

5. HTML5 Features

  • New Elements: <video>, <audio>, <canvas>, <svg>.
  • APIs: Geolocation, Local Storage, Web Workers.
  • Multimedia Example:

<video controls> <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>


6. HTML Projects

Project 1: Personal Portfolio

  • Objective: Create a portfolio with sections for About, Projects, and Contact.
  • Features:
  • Navigation bar using <nav>.
  • Embed a resume using <embed>.
  • Contact form with <input> fields.

Project 2: Blog Page

  • Objective: Build a blog with articles and comments.
  • Features:
  • Use <article> for blog posts.
  • Add a comment section with <textarea>.
  • Include social media links.

7. Notes & Best Practices

  1. Nesting: Always close tags in the reverse order they were opened.
  • โœ… <p><strong>Text</strong></p>
  • โŒ <p><strong>Text</p></strong>
  1. Accessibility: Use alt attributes for images and ARIA labels.
  2. Quotes: Prefer double quotes for attributes: <div class="container">.

8. Questions & Quiz

Basic Questions

  1. What is the purpose of the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration?
    Answer: It defines the document type and HTML version (HTML5 here).
  2. How do you create a hyperlink to “https://example.com”?
    Answer: <a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>.

Quiz (Multiple Choice)

  1. Which tag is used for the largest heading?
    a) <h6>
    b) <h1>
    c) <head>
    Answer: b) <h1>.
  2. What does the alt attribute in <img> do?
    a) Adds a tooltip
    b) Provides alternative text for accessibility
    Answer: b.

9. Advanced Topics

  • SEO Optimization: Use <meta> tags for descriptions and keywords.

<meta name="description" content="A guide to HTML">

  • Responsive Design: Use the viewport meta tag:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">


10. Conclusion

HTML is the backbone of web development. Mastery involves understanding tags, semantic structure, forms, and modern HTML5 features. Practice with projects and quizzes to reinforce learning.

Next Steps: Learn CSS for styling and JavaScript for interactivity!

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